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Sources:
Bello, S., et al. 2011. “Earliest Directly-Dated Human Skull-Cups.” PLOS ONE 6(2): e17026.
Mori, T., et al. 2025. “Early European evidence of artificial cranial modification from the Italian Late Upper Palaeolithic Arene Candide Cave.” Sci Rep 15, 27792.
Julia Gresky et al., 2017 “Modified human crania from Göbekli Tepe provide evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult.” Sci. Adv. 3,e1700564.
Strouhal, E. 1973. “Five Plastered Skulls from Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jericho : Anthropological Study.” Paléorient 1(2):231-247.
Fletcher, A. 2014. What lies beneath: new discoveries about the Jericho skull
Solly, M. 2023. See the Face of a Neolithic Man Who Lived in Jericho 9,500 Years Ago
Bodo cranium Read more about Bodo cranium
Wiley Online Library
Ofnet
ResearchGate
Show Caves

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We’re bringing the Stone Age to life — and we need your help. Support The Uncanny Valley now: Support The Uncanny Valley. Every contribution pushes this series closer to becoming real.

This episode discusses various cave paintings from the Stone Age that depict images of violence, challenging previous assumptions about the era. Explore the contrasting world of the Neolithic and Mesolithic periods in today's episode.

Sources:

• ResearchGate: A massacre of early Neolithic farmers
• Live Science: Neolithic massacre bones found in Spanish cave
• Wiley Online Library: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
• Academia.edu: Rock Art Recording Methods

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